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What is a tongue tie?

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In about 5-10% of babies, the natural separation of the tongue from the floor of the mouth is disrupted during development. This results in a short or restrictive frenulum. The severity can vary, with some cases significantly limiting tongue movement, potentially affecting feeding, oral motor development, and even breathing. Known as ankyloglossia, or tongue tie, this condition is hereditary. However, diagnosis should be based on functional limitations rather than just the presence of a frenulum. A thorough assessment by an experienced provider, often in collaboration with feeding specialists, is essential to determine whether treatment is necessary.

What is a lingual frenulum?

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During early development, the tongue is initially fused to the floor of the mouth. By around the eighth week in utero when the tongue is fully formed, it begins to separate from the base of the mouth, allowing for greater movement. The lingual frenulum is the small band of tissue beneath the tongue that remains, helping to support and control its movement. EVERYONE is born with this structure!

Why is tongue posture important for breathing and orofacial development?

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For optimal nasal breathing, the tongue needs to rest gently against the roof of the mouth. Breathing through the nose helps the body by filtering, warming, and humidifying the air, which can improve oxygen flow. However, a tongue tie can restrict the tongue’s natural movement, pulling it downward and preventing it from contacting the palate. This low tongue position can interfere with proper breathing and may contribute to snoring or sleep disordered breathing.  

When the tongue rests correctly against the palate, and the lips are properly sealed, the pressure helps guide the natural development of the upper jaw. Research shows that children with untreated tongue ties can experience abnormal tongue function, which may impact facial development and increase the risk of sleep-related breathing issues.

How can a tongue tie affect breast and bottle feeding?

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In the early weeks and months of life, a baby’s tongue needs to move freely in order to effectively create suction to draw milk from the breast. The front and middle parts of the tongue help cup and compress the breast tissue, while the middle-to-back portion creates the vacuum needed to pull milk out.

When a baby has a tongue tie, they may struggle to get a deep latch, which can cause nipple pain or damage to the parent. If the tongue can’t reach up and over the lower gums, latching might feel uncomfortable, and staying latched can be difficult. As a result, some babies may spend long periods nursing without actually getting enough milk.

Poor suction due to a restricted tongue can lead to frequent loss of the seal at the breast or bottle, causing milk to leak from the sides of the mouth. This may also cause the baby to swallow air, which can lead to gas, discomfort, fussiness, and signs of reflux or colic. Tongue ties can interfere with the coordination of oral muscles and make feeding less effective, whether nursing or bottle-feeding.

What is a labial frenulum?

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All babies are born with a small band of tissue under the upper lip called the labial frenulum. This connective tissue helps keep the lip in place, anchoring it to the upper jaw, and plays a role in proper lip movement and facial development. It’s completely normal for the frenulum to attach low on the gums near the front teeth—this is seen in nearly 90% of newborns. As a child grows and the jaw continues to develop, this attachment point often moves higher up naturally over time.

What is a lip tie and how can it affect feeding?

Pediatric Dentist Orlando

If the tissue under the upper lip (labial frenulum) is too tight, it can interfere with a baby’s ability to form a proper seal around the breast or bottle nipple. This may cause the baby to swallow excess air during feedings, which can lead to gas, reflux, or nipple pain/damage for breastfeeding mothers due to added tension from the upper lip.

Ideally, the upper lip should stay relaxed and gently curved around a breast or bottle nipple to help keep milk from leaking out. As children grow, a tight upper lip tie may also make it harder for toddlers to drink from a straw, clean food off a spoon, or adequately brush the front teeth leading to cavity formation.

Signs and Symptoms of Lip and Tongue Ties

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  • Poor weight gain
  • Reflux or frequent spitting up
  • Excess air intake causing frequent gassiness and fussiness
  • Clicking or smacking noises when eating due to frequent loss of suction
  • Dribbling milk out of mouth
  • Frustration when eating inability to hold a pacifier
  • Prolonged nursing or bottle-feeding sessions where baby still seems unsatisfied
  • Coughing or gagging during feeds from lack of proper tongue coordination
  • Snoring, mouth breathing, frequent waking due to low tongue posture
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  • Frequent choking or gagging
  • Difficulty swallowing certain foods, textures, and saliva
  • Slow eating or only eating small amounts of food
  • Packing food in the cheeks like a chipmunk
  • History of frequent ear infections or ear tubes
  • Bruxism (teeth grinding), snoring, or mouth breathing
  • Sleep-disordered breathing (frequent night waking, restlessness, bed-wetting, and failure to feel refreshed upon waking in the morning)
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  • Painful nursing
  • Creased or flattened nipples
  • Blistered or damaged nipples
  • Incomplete breast drainage
  • Plugged ducts or mastitis
  • Inability to nurse without using a nipple shield
  • Decreased milk supply due to inefficient feeds

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Frequently Asked Questions

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Check out these frequently asked questions, or call us to speak with our team